Definition of Zakah
In terms of language, the word “zakah” is the Masdar (the base) of the word Zaka which means blessing, growing, clean and good. Term in terms of jurisprudence, zakah is: A certain treasure that God required to be submitted to those entitled to receive (Mustahiq).
In the Quran, the zakah is mentioned with the word “zakah” and the word “sadaqat”.
Basic Law of Zakat
Zakat is obligatory for every believer and is one of the pillars of Islam. The legal basis for the obligation of zakat are very numerous, including:
خذ من أموالهم صدقة تطهرهم وتزكهم بها و صل عليهم إن صلاتك سكن لهم والله سميع عليم (التوبة: 103)
“Pick up the zakat, of their wealth to purify it and sanctify them with it. And pray for them, really bring peace to their prayers. God is heard and all-knowing “(Q: S: At Tawbah: 103).
Also mentioned in the hadith of the prophet:
عن أبي عبد الرحمن – عبد الله بن عمر بن الخطاب رضي الله تعالى عنهما – قال: سمعت رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يقول: “بني الإسلام على خمس: شهادة أن لا إله إلا الله وأن محمدا رسول الله, وإقام الصلاة, وإيتاء الزكاة, وحج البيت, وصوم رمضان “. رواه البخاري ومسلم.
From Abu Abdurrahman, Abdullah bin Umar bin Al Khathab radiallahu anhuma he said: I heard the Messenger of Allah said: “Islam is built on five cases; Testifying that there is no god has the right to be worshiped but Allah and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, establish prayer, give charity, perform Hajj and fasting Ramadan. “(Reported by Bukhari and Muslim)
Terms of wealth to pay zakat
Treasure that must be issued zakat is property eligible. As for the terms of the wealth to pay zakat is:
1. Fully-owned
Essentially all the wealth belongs to Allah, which is a fully-owned property here is a wealth that is under control and in power. While some jurists stated: “that such property must be in the hands, not stuck in it the rights of others, can be used and the benefits can be felt”.
There are several provisions of these terms, including:
• Property owners who have no particular like the result of government tax and zakat endowments are not required it.
• Illegitimate Assets (the robber, fraud, usury, etc.) are not compulsory charity, because the property shall be returned to their owners. Hadith narrated by Muslim says:
لايقبل الله صدقة من غلول
“God did not accept alms (zakat) of the property Ghulul”
Ghulul property is property obtained by illegal means such as robbery, fraud, corruption and others.
• Assets that can be expected to return loans, zakat promoted along with the existing property each year.
• Special loan assets that can not be expected to come back again there are differences of opinion, according to Ibn Abbas issued for zakat during the years of wealth in his hand, according to Imam Malik issued zakat for one year only.
2. Growing
The meaning of this provision is that the property was developed with the purpose or has the potential to develop either as breeding or commercial concrete or concrete is not as developed in the hands of another person on his behalf.
While the property is not developed or not developed can be classified into 2 (two):
• It can not be developed because of the nature of wealth itself (treasures robbed, receivables that may not be expected to return, etc.) in this case the owner is not obliged to issue a charity.
• Not developed due to weakness / inability / lack of willingness to mengembangkanya owners. In this case the owner is obliged to issue a permanent charity.
3. Achieve nishab (minimum)
Islam does not require any zakah on wealth. Only wealth that reaches nishab, which required zakah. Nishab is the minimum size of property required zakah. Among the wisdom of the enactment of this requirement is that zakah is an obligation imposed on the rich to help the poor and to participate to the welfare of Islam and the Muslims.
4. More than usual requirement
Human needs are no limits, will be very difficult to determine the limits of human needs but because it is subjective. Each person has different levels of need. In addition the level of human life is increasingly complex. In this case there is no specific limit on the number of assets for the necessities of life. Mentioned in the Quran:
ويسألونك ماذا ينفقون قل العفو
“They ask Muhammad, about what they will provide. Say: “Something More” (Surat al-Baqarah: 219).
According to Ibn Abbas “Something more” is “something more than the needs of families”.
Muslims should consider their needs fairly, do not incriminate themselves by limiting the need to feel the pain of her life, but also no exaggeration to meet their needs.
5. Free of debt
Debt is an obligation that must be paid, and essentially the property containing the debt, is not the full property, because the debt is the property of others, that for some reason, the property is located on one property.
The debt that renders the obligation zakah, that is debt spending or reduce the amount of zakat measurement. If the debt is not spending or reduce the amount of zakat measurement, then it shall issue a zakah.
For example: someone that has a 30 dinar gold treasure. If he on debt 4 gold dinar, that person still has the obligation zakah, as if his property be reduced to pay the zakah he still has 26 gold dinars (gold nishab still exceeding 20 dinars). Conversely, if he has 12 gold dinars of debt, then that person is not obliged to issue a zakah because if the property is reduced to pay the debts it has only 18 dinars and the amount is less than 20 nishab dinar gold.
6. Has passed the one year / Haul
The point is that the ownership of property, which was in the hands of the owners has passed 12 (twelve) months Qamariyah. The basis for setting the terms of 1 (one) year is the deal of the companions of the Prophet and the narratives of Ibn Umar:
لا زكاة فى مال حتى يحول عليه الحول
“There is no zakah on the wealth, until the past one year”.